Imagining th Igorot in Vernacular Films Produced in the Cordillera. The Cordillera Review 2 (2): 81-118. The kodo are individuals who have descended from lineages which have been, for generations, impoverished and working in servitude. The nuclear family may also include older but unmarried children; aged parents who are too old to look after themselves or their own separated household, or who have become widowed; and close relatives who cannot fend for themselves due to indigence or who have been left alone due to death or divorce. Kankanaey, also Kankanay, Kankanai, and Kankana-i, refers to the culture and the people who primarily reside in Benguet and Mountain Province of the Cordillera Administrative Region. They oversee the strict observance of the traditional practices, customs and traditions of the community, and they are sought for their advice and wise decisions during disputes. Dap-ay was also a name used to refer to it. There is also, increasingly, the modern bungalow type of mixed materials, as well as the tinabla, a combination of the inalteb and other modern designs. To appease Maeya or the kind spirits, Kabunyan, Ap-apo, Kakading, a thanksgiving ritual must be done, comprising of animal offering, food, rice wine and other material things. The mamade might decide to seek the counsel of the manabig in making certain decisions. There is much to be discussed about Apo Anno that is taboo. Most Kankanaey riddles consist of two parts or statements, both with assonantal rhyme. Like the young men and women of Bontok and Ifugao society, premarital relations among the Kankanaey of marrying age were consummated only with the consent of the girl. The term is related to the Bontok ato, designating the place where elders gather to discuss community matters. Among the northern Kankanaey, this is usually red with colored borders or sometimes dark blue with red stripes and decorated ends. Handbook of Philippine Language Groups. The Kankanaey, referred to by outsiders and the Benguet-Lepanto Igorot as the busao (enemies) in the area, put up some resistance. They are innovative in the fields and they practice proven technology like irrigation and the construction of rice terraces. [12], The more common burial custom of the Kankanaey is for coffins to be tucked into crevices or stacked on top of each other inside limestone caves. National Economic and Development Authority. It may also be observed when a person dies to ask for the protection and favors of the benevolent deities. Pettits fellow prospector was another war veteran, Truman Hunt, who became Bontocs lieutenant-governor and was tasked to put together the Igorrotes for the Fair. While the sudsud and the day-eng may be about some legendary heroes and characters in Kankanaey folklore, they do not form a part of religious rites. Bagamaspad, Anavic, and Zenaida Hamada-Pawid, compiled. Geneva: Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. The girls who stayed at the ebgan were visited by their suitors who lived in their own dormitory. The head complained very loudly at being without its body, so Lumawig gave it a body and a pair of legs. Crabs are also caught to make tengba, a gravy of pounded rice mixed with crabs, salted and placed in jars to age. Even under the old system of parental arrangement, the Kankanaey rarely enter into a parental agreement when the children are still below the age at which they can make their own choices. 2002. Cabrera, Caroline K. 1977. The mens headcloth is called the badbad or bedbed, made of either abel or kuba (bark). Washington: Government Printing Office. Marriage Practices of the Kankanaey Tribe in Northern Philippines Worcester, Dean C. 1906. Older generations of Kankanaey used to hunt deer and wild boar in forests, and catch eels and crabs in rivers. In child rearing, the man participates almost equally with the woman, often carrying the child in a sling on his back while at work in the yard or in the field. The Northern Kankanaey or Applai live in Sagada and Besao, western Mountain province, and constitute a linguistic group. The parents may decide to allot a piece of land for them to cultivate and to enable them to live apart. The women wear native woven skirts (pingay or tapis) that cover their lower body from waist to knees and is held by a thick belt (bagket). [8] The funeral ritual of the Southern Kankana-eys lasts up to ten days, when the family honors their dead by chanting dirges and vigils and sacrificing a pig for each day of the vigil. Balangbang is the modern word for Pattong. Indigenous languages: Knowledge and hope - UNESCO Aside from gold mining and trading, agriculture also determined the Kankanaeys choice of their settlement sites. When displeased, these spirits cause stomach aches in human beings. Gadang. At the beginning, the VVM was a one-man outfit, with Dangpa performing most of the tasks of film production. There are part-time or seasonal occupations for carpenters, who receive wages for work done. The womens necklaces are adorned with various kinds of stones and beads. A group found along the peripheral areas of Benguet, Ifugao and Nueva Viscaya are the Kalanguya. The head of the household declares an abayas (holiday), which lasts two days. , Historical Background of Cordilleras Pursuit for Regional Development and Autonomy, Benguet: Dependency Ratio Down by Four Persons, Post Comments Threads of different colors are woven into the base threads to add patterns and other colors. Lumawig and Bangan had four children in all. The Benguet people believe in Kaboniyan (God), which the Ibaloys call Apo Shiyos and Goddesses egma on-an or kedaring called by Ibaloys. Luisa. Another reason proposed is that the salutary climate of the Cordillera highlands, with its lush green vegetation and other natural riches, may have attracted the ancestors of the present mountain dwellers to go beyond the malaria-ridden jungle belt that stops at the 1,000-meter line of the mountains. 14.03.21 - Mountain Province, Phillippines - Pressenza IPA. There are also female mediums called mangengey. They may have arrived at their present location due to the process of displacement; or they may have naturally gravitated to a terrain more to their liking or to one that is similar to southern China, which, according to a theory of migration, their ancestors have left behind. Pansejew (gold panning) was done by the women along the Agno, Bued, Suyoc, and Ammburayan Rivers, with the use of a sadjewan, a rectangular pan that strains the water to separate the gold dust. Their names are recited and invoked by the Kankanaey in various rituals so that they may intercede for people and facilitate the granting of favors needed or desired. He took her to his home in the land of the sunrise, where they planned their wedding. Folk Architecture. Sagada Social Studies Series 13. The Cordillera, Indigenous Peoples: Photo Series - Jacob Maentz The Kankanaey people are an Indigenous peoples of the Northern Philippines. Sure enough, Delnagen had wasted away. http://www.census.gov.ph/content/. In May 1572, Juan de Salcedo, grandson of Governor-General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, led an expedition, which yielded 25 kilograms of gold three months later. Lewis, Paul M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig, eds. The rites observed in connection with the agricultural cycle are deemed indispensable because the whole success of planting and harvesting, that is, survival itself, may depend entirely on such observance. The at-ato, as it flourished in northern Kankanaey society, was a subvillage grouping that mediated between the village unit and the house unit. Annusan revived him with a sponge bath, a massage, and a prayer. They also used the at-ato as their sleeping quarters. There has been greater upwardas well as downwardmobility in Kankanaey society. With the integration of Kankanaey society into the cash economy, and with the attractiveness of earning more cash in urbanized places, a significant number, many still in their teens, have sought to find employment in Baguio City and elsewhere. [9], The Southern Kankana-eys have different types of houses among which are binang-iyan (box-like compartment on 4 posts 5 feet high), apa or inalpa (a temporary shelter smaller than bingang-iyan), inalteb (has a gabled roof and shorter eaves allowing for the installation of windows and other opening at the side), allao (a temporary built in the fields), at-ato or dap-ay (a clubhouse or dormitory for men, with a long, low gable-roofed structure with only a single door for entrance and exit), and ebgang or olog (equivalent to the at-ato, but for women). PDF Indigenous Healing Ritual in the Context of Ecological Disaster Unmarried women, both adults and young girls who had reached the age of puberty, slept in a designated dormitory. They are predominantly a nuclear family type (sinbe-ey,buma-ey, or sinpangabong), which are either patri-local or matri-local due to their bilateral kinship, composed of the husband, wife and their children. The marriage customs of the Kankanaey are similar to the Ibalois. There is now a thriving business in the sale of these films in Baguio stores, which also sell popular music by Igorot producers. The everyday getap is white with indigo-blue bands. Uncharted Philippines | Discovering the Sagada hanging coffins and Located in Eastern Kalinga are the Dakalan, Gaang, Lubo, Majukayong, Mangali, and Taloktok culture groups. The newlyweds may reside with the brides family while they are constructing their own house, or until such time that an unused house can be provided for them. Music videos have been made available on DVDs and YouTube. The southern Kankanaey are found in the municipalities of Mankayan, Bakun, Kibungan, Buguias, and the upper half of Kapangan in Benguet. Most, if not all, of the rites and rituals are performed by the mambunong or manbunong, who reads from the bile sac or liver of a sacrificial animal the sentiments or attitudes of the spirits toward the propitiating or transgressing human being. Mo mansamakmi, abu, mataguay; batong mataguay, din togi mataguay; ta waday panbiagmi. C-shaped earrings are for both male and female Kankanaey. National Economic and Development Authority. On the 3rd day, the deceased is made to sit on a chair, often strapped to it to keep the body upright. The Kankanaey's major dances include tayaw, pattong and balangbang. The elders and other venerable members of the village display their priceless heirloom blankets during this occasion. Referred to in the fair as Suyocs and miners, the 25 Kankanaeyfourteen men, seven women, and four boys, with ages ranging from 6 to 50demonstrated their skills in blacksmithing, metalworking (i.e., making tininggal or copper chains), fabric- and basket-weaving, pipe-making (making pek or pipe), beadwork, mining, and copper and ore reduction. They were consulted by families and individuals for the diagnosis and treatment of any kind of illness for which was prescribed the proper cure and the appropriate caao ceremonies. In the past, this consisted of animals, precious heirloom beads, blankets, woven cloth, rice, and other valuables, the quantity depending on the wealth of the boys family or the demands of the girls family. Make what we plant, also, pineapples and coffee, to have much fruit, so that we may have it to sell, that we may have something with which to buy blankets.). Philippine Mythology. Their earnings are either spent for education or sent home to support family members for the purchase of household items such as metal tools, kitchenware, cloth, hats, sugar, and salt. Introduction to the Southern Kankana-ey People TUBA, Benguet - Eighteen elementary pupils have completed an intensive training conducted by the School for Living Traditions on Kankanaey Performing Arts. This, along with other reports of Cordillera chiefs and their slaves possessing gold, encouraged subsequent expeditions such as those led by Francisco de Sande in 1576, Juan Pacheco Maldonado in 1580, Luis Perez Dasmarias in 1591, Francisco de Mendoza in 1591, and Pedro Sid in 1591. Afterward, the American colonial administration saw the rise of a new political and economic elite, with new sources of power and prestige, even as old ones were closed. With the popularity of these films, other Kankanaey from Benguet and other ethnic groups in the Cordillera began making their own productions. Praying over it, he implores Kabunian to help reveal the cause of sickness and the type of sacrifice required to cure it. Belief System of the Benguet Igorots | Igorotage Initial productions were screened in church gatherings and other community events until demand called for distribution of VCD copies and further productions. The kadangyan, nevertheless, have remained leading figures in Kankanaey society. [9], Gold and copper mining is abundant in Mankayan. [A stone]). The leadership structure is largely based on land ownership, thus the more well-off control the community's resources. Agriculture is a year-round activity. Weaving, which is still done with the blackstrap loom, has produced cloth that is not only used for domestic purposes but is also well received in the market. Four or five long feathers of the chicken are pulled out and stuck into the site where the bonabon are planted. Desirous of a peaceful and bountiful life, the Kankanaey utter the words Itunin sang kabunayen (Thank you, Kabunian) at every fortuitous turn of events (Demetrio et al. That is why you see a chair hanging by the coffins as it . The Kankanan-ey dominate the northwest and speaks the kakali, a dialect similar to the dialect of the Mountain Province and akin to Iloko. MUMMIES OF BENGUET Apo Anno - Atawu culture and tradition - Facebook During the American occupation, they were the primary choice, as the local elite, for filling up high positions in the colonial bureaucracy. The only place untouched was a mountaintop where Lumawig and Bangan had sought refuge. 1989. The village elders may decide to hold the rites after the observance of a bagat (big feast) by a family to regain luck for the community. In the Kankana-ey, young men and women are divided by gender and then ushered into separate dormitories. In other areas, the Kankanaey call this garment gaboy and palingay. The celebration is held for one day and one night with preparations of food, water, and tapuy. He has the magical power to work wonders, and exhibits truly suprahuman qualities common in mythic god-hero characters. Philippines: Indigenous Peoples of Luzon/The Cordilleras The house itself rests upon a structure consisting of three joists on two girders on four posts. The matmata are diamond shapes within larger diamond shapes and resemble either rice grains or eyes. 1988. [8], The Northern Kankana-eys have rich material culture among which is the four types of houses: the two-story innagamang, binang-iyan, tinokbob and the elevated tinabla. There is no formal political leadership in Kankanaey society, except that which is acknowledged by virtue of an individuals social class, knowledge of oral tradition, possession of healing powers, knowledge of agricultural rituals, and the venerable wisdom that comes with age. The Kankanaey People of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Dallas: SIL International. Tayaw is another dance performed for the same purpose, accompanied by the offering of sacrificial pigs to Kabunian. In 1909, Jose Fianza, on behalf of his family and kin, filed a case against John F. Reavis, who in 1901 claimed the Antamok and Ampasit mines and sold them to Benguet Consolidated. Maryland: Tessellations Publishing. This head became the thunder. The song is a dialogue between the women of the village and a girl, an outsider, who has come to marry a boy from the village. Because the foothills and coastal plains of the Ilocos region lie across the boundary to the west, the Kankanaey areas are contiguous to the lowlands. The council of elders, known as the Amam-a, are a group of old, married men expert in custom law and lead in the decision-making for the village. A variant of the getap called kinteg is indigo black, with white-and-blue bands. But this parental arrangement can be set aside anytime by the children when they come of age. For further warmth and comfort, the Kankanaey family keeps a fire burning in an elevated hearth located on one side of the main interior. The forebears of the northern Kankanaey started building rice terraces near the villages. Scott, William Henry. Funeral practices and burial customs in the Philippines, "2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. List of religions and spiritual traditions - Wikipedia In hosting their extravagant festivities, the kadangyan are not only propitiating the spirits to keep them healthy and wealthy but are also giving themselves an opportunity to share their blessings with the less-advantaged Kankanaey in the community. Finally, the Kankana-ey are one of the few tribes who still practice a way of living more common in the old days, although is fast disappearing as well. The village also includes the rice terraces whose walls serve as pathways; a nearby peak that serves as a sacred mountain; certain places on the outskirts where omen reading and other rituals may be observed; and burial places along the cliffs and slopes. They tend to derive morality , ethics , religious laws , or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature . [1], Recent DNA studies show that the Kankanaey along with the Atayal people of Taiwan, were most probably among the original ancestors of the Lapita people and modern Polynesians. In 1904, the Kankanaey, particularly those from the town of Suyoc in northern Benguet, were among the indigenous peoples of the Philippines brought to the St. Louis Worlds Fair, in Louisana, USA, to showcase what the United States called its possessions. Together with 70 Bontok and 17 Tinguian, the 25 Kankanaey composed the Igorrote Village at the Exposition. . The coffins are small because the bodies inside the coffins are in a fetal position. Mopakenmi adadoenyo, tauaday piditenmi. The opening of a baeg (granary) by a family for rice pounding is an event with its own ritual. Padpad is the wrenching away of a sick persons soul from the clutches of a spirit; paypay is a search for the whereabouts of the wandering soul. In truth, they are not a single . [11], Despite their popularity, hanging coffins are not the main funerary practice of the Kankanaey. This house was called an ebgan. The Ibaloy coexist with the Kankanaey and, to a lesser extent, the Kalanguya in this area. The Kankanaey in Benguet may also be called Benguet Kankanaey to distinguish them from the, Kankanaey woman with freshly harvested rice stalks (Photo courtesy of Cesar Hernando), Because the foothills and coastal plains of the Ilocos region lie across the boundary to the west, the, Vegetable farmer with his harvest of cabbages and potatoes (SIL International), An informal gathering of Kankanaey men to discuss community matters (SIL International), Kankanaey Culture, Traditions, Customs and Social Organization, Kankanaey mother and child (SIL International), Religious Beliefs and Practices of the Kankanaey People, Kankanaey begnas, Sagada, Mountain Province (Jennifer Sy Carag), Kankanaey ceremonial container (CCP Collections), Typical Kankanaey dwelling made of bamboo and nipa (SIL International), Kankanaey Traditional Weaving, Ornamentation and Body Tatooing, Kankanaey woven product: pasiking (CCP Collections), Literary Arts of the Kankanaey People: Riddles and Folktales, Bangan, the opulent and powerful heroine of Kankanaey tales (Illustration by Luis Chua), Annusan Lumawig and Bangan performing a wedding dance, as an enraged Delnagen is about to attack them (Illustration by Luis Chua). Perez, Rodrigo III D., Rosario Encarnacion, Julian E. Dacanay Jr., Joseph R. Fortin, and John K. Chua. Eduardo Masferre and the Phillippine Cordillera. Philippine Studies 42 (3): 336351. There are no windows, except for a small opening in the roof serving as a smoke vent. With agriculture as the backbone of life and rice as a staple food, water is valued as much as land in Besao. Here are three examples: (A taro at Kamaligan cannot be moistened by rain. The soft-speaking Kankanaeys come from Northern and some parts of Benguet and from the municipalities of Sabangan, Tadian and Bauko in Mountain Province. Unfortunately, it has very little resources and . H. Otley Beyer believed they originated from a migrating group from Asia who landed on the coasts of Pangasinan before moving to Cordillera. [9], Contrary to popular belief, the Southern Kankana-eys do not worship idols and images. Facts About the Igorots of the Philippines - Knoji Several types of economic activities, such as planting, harvesting, house building, or digging irrigation ditches, call for the performance of these rites. It is geographically nearer the Cordillera Kankanaey than the Ilocano. The shell is covered, and a prayer is recited over it. Only a person of means can afford the amount of food consumed. The SLT on Bokoh-Making will benefit the youth of Brgy. The Americans established a local government and several regulatory agencies in order to secure its interests in the mineral-rich Cordilleras and to stop the growing number of miners from usurping higher authorities. The bandala, worn by the men, is a dark blue blanket with white lines. VVM films that are in the Kankanaey language are Sabong di Kada (Flower of Kada), 1998; Adawag Ina (Mothers Plight), 1998; Din Sungbat (The Answer), 2003; Kedaw (Ask), 2007; and Din Pantaulian (The Returning), 2008.
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