Another example is the orbicularis oculi, one of which surrounds each eye. 39 terms. In this example, biceps brachii is the agonist or prime mover. On this page: Glenohumerol Joint (Ball and Socket) | Scapulothoracis Joint | Elbow - Humeroulnar Joint (Hinge) | Radioulnar (Forearm) | Radiocarpal Joint (Wrist) | Hand and Fingers (Metacarpophalangeal, Proximal, and Distal Interphalangeal Joints) | Thumb (Carpometacarpal, Metacarpophalangeal, Interphalangeal . When the triceps brachii contracts it extends the forearm, undoing any flexing . Antagonists play two important roles in muscle . It slides over the lateral surface of the elbow joint, entering the anterolateral cubital area. All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. Upon activation, the muscle pulls the insertion toward the origin. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. However, because a pennate muscle generally can hold more muscle fibers within it, it can produce relatively more tension for its size. Which of the following statements is correct about what happens during flexion? The flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus flex the fingers and the hand at the wrist, whereas the extensor digitorum extends the fingers and the hand at the wrist. antagonist: extensor digitorum, edm, synergist: fcr Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): The muscles of the arm. Anconeus muscle: Origin, insertion, innervation, function | Kenhub Along with extensor carpi radialis brevis and extensor carpi radialis longus, it comprises the radial group of forearm muscles, which belong to the superficial layer of posterior forearm muscles. As you know working muscle groups in a movement are the Agonist. A: extensor carpi radialis longus. In this casethe hamstrings would be called the agonists and the quadriceps femoris would be called the antagonists. the brachialis is called a synergist in this action . Our musculoskeletal system works in a similar manner, with bones being stiff levers and the articular endings of the bonesencased in synovial jointsacting as fulcrums. Q. - function: - brachioradialis muscle assists in . Muscle Roles: Synergist, Agonist, Antagonist, Stabilizer & Fixator 9.6C: How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements - Medicine LibreTexts When the triceps brachii contracts it extends the forearm, undoing any flexing brought about by contractions of the biceps brachii. Agonist, antagonist and synergist muscle control is vital for a normalized and non-pathological scapulothoracic rhythm. List of Antagonistic Muscles/Movements - ExRx.net These pairs exist in places in the body in which the body cannot return the limb back to its original position through simple lack of contraction. It is easiest to view the triceps brachii from the posterior, but the medial head and its origin are deep to the lateral head and the long head, and so is the medial head of the triceps brachii is partially obscured from the posterior. Lets take a look at how we describe these relationships between muscles. { "9.6A:_Interactions_of_Skeletal_Muscles" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "9.6B:_How_Skeletal_Muscles_Are_Named" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "9.6C:_How_Skeletal_Muscles_Produce_Movements" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "9.6D:_Muscle_Attachment_Sites" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "9.6E:_Arrangement_of_Fascicles" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "9.6F:_Lever_Systems" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "9.10:_Muscles_of_the_Lower_Limb" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "9.1:_Introduction_to_the_Nervous_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "9.2:_Smooth_Muscle" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "9.3:_Control_of_Muscle_Tension" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "9.4:_Muscle_Metabolism" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "9.5:_Exercise_and_Skeletal_Muscle_Tissue" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "9.6:_Overview_of_the_Muscular_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "9.7:_Head_and_Neck_Muscles" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "9.8:_Trunk_Muscles" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "9.9:_Muscles_of_the_Upper_Limb" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 9.6C: How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements, [ "article:topic", "license:ccbysa", "showtoc:no" ], https://med.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fmed.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FAnatomy_and_Physiology%2FAnatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)%2F9%253A_Muscular_System%2F9.6%253A_Overview_of_the_Muscular_System%2F9.6C%253A_How_Skeletal_Muscles_Produce_Movements, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Differentiate between agonist and antagonist muscles. synergist?, temporalis (elevates mandible) : antagonist?, digastric (depresses mandible) : and more. A. Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. The muscle primarily responsible for a movement is called the prime mover, and muscles that assist in this action are called synergists. Parallel muscles have fascicles that are arranged in the same direction as the long axis of the muscle. Consolidate your knowledge about the brachioradialis and other muscles of the posterior forearm with our quiz below! The Latin root -lum-, found in illumine, means "light" or "lamp." It is the base of many scientific words about light. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. We describe muscles that work together to create a movement as synergists. Exceptions include those muscles such as sphincter muscles that act to contract in a way that is opposite to the resting state of the muscle. Keep in mind, despite thedifferent colors all three are parts of the same one muscle. A muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover is called an antagonist. Its proximal part is medially covered by the distal part of the brachialis muscle, while the tendon of biceps brachii passes deep to it, on its way towards the radial tuberosity. Agonist. There are four helpful rules that can be applied to all major joints except the ankle and knee because the lower extremity is rotated during development. These characteristics depend on each other and can explain the general organization of the muscular and skeletal systems. The Extensor Digitorum is a superficial posterior muscle of the forearm. Action: Only flexor of distal phalanges Antagonist: Flexor carpi radialis Synergist: NA. The muscle primarily responsible for a movement is called the prime mover, and muscles that assist in this action are called synergists. Many people refer to muscles having a redundant role in producing torque about a joint as being synergistic agonists but with one of these muscles being the prime mover.This is a silly and arbitrary distinction since there are many instances where a muscle with a redundant role can take over for a . We describe the main muscle that does an action as the agonist. This arrangement is referred to as multipennate. For example, the deltoid muscle on the lateral side of the upper arm causes abduction of the shoulder. Authored by: Was a bee. Agonist muscles produce the primary movement or series of movements through their own contractions. Antagonist: a muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover. C. They only insert onto the facial bones. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Ch. 11 Key Terms - Anatomy and Physiology | OpenStax For example, the teres major muscle, on the medial side of the arm causes shoulder abduction. An Introduction to the Human Body, Chapter 2. Pronation and supination: Anatomy, definition, images | Kenhub Q. Each muscle fiber (cell) is covered by endomysium and the entire muscle is covered by epimysium. Q. Gray's Anatomy (41tst ed.). . Both are found on the anterior side of the arm and forearm. For example, in the case of the knee, muscles of the posterior thigh cause knee flexion and anterior thigh muscles cause knee extension, which is opposite of the rules stated below for most other joints. is the agonist, or primer mover, responsible for flexing the forearm. Other parallel muscles are rotund with tendons at one or both ends. During flexing of the forearm the biceps brachii is the agonist muscle, pulling the forearm up towards the shoulder. Add colons where they are needed in the following sentences. There are some sections within other muscles that can also assist with flexion of the hip joint, for example, the anterior fibers of gluteus minimus and gluteus medius can assist with flexion of the hip joint, depending on the position of the hip when its being flexed. What Really Happens When We Stretch Our Muscles? and What Is Muscle Origin, Insertion, and Action? There also are skeletal muscles in the tongue, and the external urinary and anal sphincters that allow for voluntary regulation of urination and defecation, respectively. To pull on a bone, that is, to change the angle at its synovial joint, which essentially moves the skeleton, a skeletal muscle must also be attached to a fixed part of the skeleton. This happens when the forearm is in either one of those two positions, since brachioradialis tends to bring the forearm back into the semi pronated stance. The main function of the coracobrachialis muscle is to produce flexion and adduction of the arm at the shoulder joint.Along with the other flexors of the arm (biceps brachii and brachialis muscles . Recall the discussion about muscles crossing joints to create movement. This tendon then traverses the remainder of the forearm, inserting near the wrist, just proximal to the styloid process of radius. For example, the deltoid muscle on the lateral side of the upper arm causes abduction of the shoulder. Which of the following is unique to the muscles of facial expression? The function of this action is seen in various ordinary activities such as hammering or rowing. A synergist that makes the insertion site more stable is called a fixator. antagonist: ecrl, ecrb, ecu, flexor digitorum superficialis (flexes digits 2-5), synergist: fdp, palmaris longus When your hand is palm up, it helps to turn your forearm over into a . Joseph_2299. To keep things in balance in the body we also nearly always have a muscle that is assisting, resisting, or opposing any action. During flexing of the forearm, the brachioradialis and brachialis act as synergist muscles, aiding the biceps brachii in pulling the forearm up towards the shoulder. antagonist: triceps brachii, extensor carpi radialis longus (extends wrist), synergist: ecrb, ecu 9.6C: How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. Q. They often act to reduce excessive force generated by the agonist muscle and are referred to as neutralizers. B. Action: Flexes the forearm. Standring, S. (2016). During forearm flexion, for examplelifting a cup, a muscle called the biceps brachii is the prime mover. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. A bipennate muscle has fascicles on both sides of the tendon, as seen in rectus femoris of the upper leg. Stretching pulls on the muscle fibers and it also results in an increased blood flow to the muscles being worked. Because of the fascicle arrangement, a portion of a multipennate muscle like the deltoid can be stimulated by the nervous system to change the direction of the pull. Authored by: OpenStax College. Function. antagonist: triceps brachii, synergist: brachioradialis, biceps brachii (CC-BY-4.0, OpenStax,Human Anatomy). Application Questions Forearm and Hand. \underline{\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad}\\ \underline{\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad} Q. When a parallel muscle has a central, large belly that is spindle-shaped, meaning it tapers as it extends to its origin and insertion, it sometimes is called fusiform. It passes between this and the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle before crossing superficially over the extensor retinaculum to enter the hand. The brachialis muscle is deep to the biceps brachii and both its origin and its insertion are more distal to the shoulder than its equivalents on the biceps brachii. The Peripheral Nervous System, Chapter 18. Consider, for example, the names of the two orbicularis muscles (orbicularis oris and oribicularis oculi), where part of the first name of both muscles is the same. [1] [2] It is also capable of both pronation and supination, depending on the position of the forearm. Antagonist muscles act as opposing muscles to agonists, usually contracting as a means of returning the limb to its original, resting position. When you stand on your tip toes, a second class lever is in use. Which of the following helps an agonist work? The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. The temporalis muscle of the cranium is another. Kenhub. Unit 6. Study Muscles: Action, Antagonist and Synergist flashcards. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. . The muscles of the rotator cuff are also synergists in that they fix the shoulder joint allowing the bicepps brachii to exert a greater force. The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. A muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover is called an antagonist. EMG amplitude averaged across tasks for brachioradialis and biceps Also involved is the brachioradialis which assists the brachialis, and is also considered a synergist. A synergist can also be a fixator that stabilizes the muscles origin. Synergists are useful because they fix certain joints to allow a range of contractions, in contrast with the sheer power of an agonist contraction that limits the range of possible movements. Flexor carpi radialis lies deep to the forearm skin and superficial to the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle.It is lateral to palmaris longus, while being medial to pronator teres in its proximal part and to brachioradialis in its distal part.In the hand, the attaching tendinous fibers lie deep to the oblique head of adductor pollicis muscle.. Muscles are arranged in pairs based on their functions. For instance, circular muscles act as sphincters, closing orifices. masseter (elevates mandible): antagonist? The coracobrachialis is a long and slender muscle of the anterior compartment of the arm.As its name suggests, it extends from the coracoid process of scapula to the shaft of the humerus.. The Cellular Level of Organization, Chapter 4. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (Superficial) "wrist, ulna-pinky". The triceps brachii (not shown) acts as the antagonist. Triceps brachii is the antagonist and brachialis is a synergist with biceps brachii. Like Figure 10.15b in Marieb-11e. Some parallel muscles are flat sheets that expand at the ends to make broad attachments. Curated learning paths created by our anatomy experts, 1000s of high quality anatomy illustrations and articles. Due to this design, the muscle fibers in a pennate muscle can only pull at an angle, and as a result, contracting pennate muscles do not move their tendons very far. INSERT FIGURE LIKE FOCUS FIGURE 10.1d IN MARIEB-11E. Flexion at the elbow, with the biceps brachii muscle (applied force) between the elbow joint (fulcrum) and the lower arm (resistance), is an example of motion using a third class lever. Synergists and Antagonists Functional anatomy: Musculoskeletal anatomy, kinesiology, and palpation for manual therapists. Exercise and stretching may also have a beneficial effect on synovial joints. antagonist: fdp, fds, synergist: ecrl, ecrb In addition, the diaphragm contracts and relaxes to change the volume of the pleural cavities but it does not move the skeleton to do this. Flexor digitorium profundus deep. Anatomical Attachments: Origin: Attaches to the lateral supracondylar ridge at the distal end of the humerus. Recent flashcard sets. The tendons are strong bands of dense, regular connective tissue that connect muscles to bones. muscle synergists and antagonists Flashcards | Quizlet The biceps brachii has two synergist muscles that assist it in flexing the forearm. Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th ed.). One of these is the brachioradialis muscle which is largely on the forearm . For example, the muscles in the posterior arm cause elbow extension. The Lymphatic and Immune System, Chapter 26. For example, the anterior arm muscles cause elbow flexion. These terms arereversed for the opposite action, flexion of the leg at the knee. pectoralis major (flexes and adducts humerous) : synergist: latissimus dorsi Table \(\PageIndex{1}\): Agonist and Antagonist Skeletal Muscle Pairs. The extensor digitorum of the forearm is an example of a unipennate muscle. Brachioradialis : Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. Q. Keep in mind, despite the different colors all three are parts of the same one muscle.. There are also muscles that do not pull against the skeleton for movements such asthe muscles offacial expressions. illiopsoas adductor mangus, longus & brevis TFL rectus femoris sartorius agonist: illiopsoas antagonist: gluteus maximus. Muscle Roles and Contraction Types PT Direct The relative increase in aEMG for brachioradialis was greater than that for biceps brachii at all time points during the two tasks in the neutral posture (muscle 9 posture 9 time interaction, P . If a question does not contain a vocabulary word from the lesson's word list, use one in your answer. The biceps brachii has two synergist muscles that assist it in flexing the forearm. The orbicularis oris muscle is a circular muscle that goes around the mouth. All of these muscles together could be referred to as synergists for flexion of the hip joint. San Antonio College, 10.1: Introduction to the Muscular System, Whitney Menefee, Julie Jenks, Chiara Mazzasette, & Kim-Leiloni Nguyen, ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative, Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body, The Lever System of Muscle and Bone Interactions, https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology, Biceps brachii: in the anterior compartment of the arm, Triceps brachii: in the posterior compartment of the arm. Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\):. By the Herring law, yoke muscles receive equal and simultaneous innervation. In more complex muscles, different parts of the same muscle can be antagonistic to others - The deltoid muscle of the shoulder is a good example: While the anterior parts of the deltoid effect inward rotation, the posterior . The triceps brachii (not shown) acts as the antagonist. antagonist: clavo-deltoid, teres majorm subscapularis, pectoralis major, infraspinatus (lateral rotation of humerous), synergist: spino-deltoid, The attachment point for a convergent muscle could be a tendon, an aponeurosis (a flat, broad tendon), or a raphe (a very slender tendon). 16 NORTH STREET, EXETER, EX4 3QS TEL: 01392 255 838. It can be easily recognized and palpated when the forearm is flexed and semi pronated as the fleshy prominence in the upper half of the lateral forearm. 11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists Without a proper warm-up, it is possible that you may either damage some of the muscle fibers or pull a tendon. It inserts on the radius bone. Skip to main content. natasha_bull. What to Expect; Our Barbers; Partners; The Service. 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle - BCcampus The agonist (not angonist) muscle are the Biceps Brachii and the Brachioradialis and the antagonist is the Triceps Brachii. synergist/antagonist Flashcards | Quizlet The biceps brachii flexes the forearm, whereas the triceps brachii extends it. 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body, 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter, 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles, 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects, 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System, 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System, 6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue, 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, 7.6 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton, 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton, 10.3 Muscle Fiber Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation, 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension, 10.8 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, 11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists, 11.2 Explain the organization of muscle fascicles and their role in generating force, 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles, 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back, 11.5 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and thorax, 11.6 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs, 11.7 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs, 12.1 Structure and Function of the Nervous System, 13.4 Relationship of the PNS to the Spinal Cord of the CNS, 13.6 Testing the Spinal Nerves (Sensory and Motor Exams), 14.2 Blood Flow the meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Circulation, 16.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, 16.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System, 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus, 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions, 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System, 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity, 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels, 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance, 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System, 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation, 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems, 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response, 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types, 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies, 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens, 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses, 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology, 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System, 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions, 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System, 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation, 23.5 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder, 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look, 25.1 Internal and External Anatomy of the Kidney, 25.2 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney: Anatomy of the Nephron, 25.3 Physiology of Urine Formation: Overview, 25.4 Physiology of Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration, 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion, 25.6 Physiology of Urine Formation: Medullary Concentration Gradient, 25.7 Physiology of Urine Formation: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition, 27.3 Physiology of the Female Sexual System, 27.4 Physiology of the Male Sexual System, 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth, 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages.
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