Donnelly, 66, served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 2007 to 2013, representing Indiana's 2nd Congressional District, and was a U.S. senator from 2013 to 2019. Enabling JavaScript in your browser will allow you to experience all the features of our site. Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . PDF on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - Archive Initially the coup d'tat of the duke of Anjou was a success, but Catherine de' Medici went out of her way to deprive him from any power in France: she sent him with the royal army to remain in front of La Rochelle and then had him elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The tasks of a permanent ambassador were to represent his government at state ceremonies, to gather information, and, occasionally, to enter negotiations. Please check back later for updated availability. or for his suggestion that there was a direct connection between these ill-gotten gains and the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day. Read and study old-school with our bound texts. PDF Prologue to a Massacre: Popular Unrest in Paris, 1557-1572 - JSTOR He describes how the religious divide, which gave the Huguenots different patterns of dress, eating and pastimes, as well as the obvious differences of religion and (very often) class, had become a social schism or cleavage. Henry of Guise then planned an attack on all protestants. Recovery of cost from Governmentwide Commercial, "in step 12 of the governmentwide commercial purchase card program process, what are three situations in which the acceptor must ensure written independent receipt and acceptance?" 1,293 solutions. Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day - Britannica A particular point of tension was an open-air cross erected on the site of the house of Philippe de Gastines, a Huguenot who had been executed in 1569. 2013, St Bartholomew's Day Massacre in the Provinces, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "From Marriage to Massacre: The Louvre in August 1572", "Gaspard II de Coligny, seigneur de Chtillon | French admiral and Huguenot leader | Britannica", "Le massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy: l'obsession de la souillure hrtique", The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda, The Cambridge Modern History Volume III: Wars of Religion, Russia self-condemned, secret and inedited documents connected with Russian history and diplomacy, "Vigil Address of the Holy Father John Paul II", "The Doctor Who Transcripts The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre&oldid=1151357161, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010, Articles needing additional references from November 2017, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, France articles missing geocoordinate data, Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. A rich, relevant collection of primary sources at an exceptional value Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations features a diverse range of primary sources, offering a total of 251 classic and contemporary documents of varying length, as well as images. Estimates of the number that perished in the massacres have varied from 2,000 by a Roman Catholic apologist to 70,000 by the contemporary Huguenot Maximilien de Bthune, who himself barely escaped death. Internet History Sourcebooks: Modern History - Fordham University The man, true to his beliefs, gently refuses her. She, supposed his words had different meanings that alluded to his plan to stir up new storms and. The Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day was the culmination of a series of events: The Peace of Saint-Germain put an end to three years of civil war between Catholics and Protestants. Please enable JavaScript on your browser. They forced the hand of a hesitant and weak-willed king in the decision of that particular execution. According to Denis Crouzet, Charles IX feared a Protestant uprising, and chose to strangle it at birth to protect his power. List of ambassadors of the United States to the Holy See FROM A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 589,. It was remade in 1994 as La Reine Margot (later as Queen Margot, and subtitled, in English-language markets), starring Isabelle Adjani. 5 In 1546 the Venetian ambassador, Mariano Cavalli, estimated the . This day led to the three Henry's war. [69] The most extreme of these writers was Camilo Capilupi, a papal secretary, whose work insisted that the whole series of events since 1570 had been a masterly plan conceived by Charles IX, and carried through by frequently misleading his mother and ministers as to his true intentions. ), p. 91. Mons; Sommires; Sancerre; La Rochelle, War of the Three Henrys (158589) Coutras; Vimory; Day of the Barricades, Succession of Henry IV of France (158994) Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations From The Religious Peace of Augsburg, Reform in the Catholic World [32] It seems unlikely any such orders came from the king, although the Guise faction may have desired the massacres. File:Giorgio Vasari San Bartolomeo.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Diefendorf, Barbara B.. The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre : a brief Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598). Several chapters depict in great detail the massacre and the events leading up to it, with the book's protagonists getting some warning in advance and making enormous but futile efforts to avert it. Some cities unaffected by the violence nevertheless witnessed a sharp decline in their Huguenot population. Brad Pennington Western Civ Chapter 14: Giovanni Michiel from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's All rights reserved. Tools for reinforcing Lutheran doctrine 32. Forging memory: the aftermath of the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre Incidental characters include Henri of Navarre, Marguerite de Valois (Constance Talmadge), Admiral Coligny (Joseph Henabery), and the Duke of Anjou, who is portrayed as homosexual. Earlier Huguenot rage at Nimes (in 1567) led to the massacre of twenty-four Catholics, mostly priests and prominent laymen, at the hands of their Protestant neighbours. The massacre in Paris lasted three days despite the king's attempts to stop it. Many victims were also thrown into the Seine, invoking the purification by water of Catholic baptism". The attempt on Admiral Colignys life four days later failed; he was only wounded. However, before the collapse of the Revolution he became suspected of moderation, and in some danger himself.[100]. For a better shopping experience, please upgrade now. Fearing discovery of her complicity, Catherine met secretly with a group of nobles at the Tuileries Palace to plot the complete extermination of the Huguenot leaders, who were still in Paris for the wedding festivities. The murder of thous We are processing your request. 32. Like Coligny, most potential candidates for elimination were accompanied by groups of gentlemen who served as staff and bodyguards, so murdering them would also have involved killing their retainers as a necessity. Venetian ambassadors to England in the 15th Century were "perplexed by the English - especially by their extreme hostility to foreigners". Soon afterward both sides prepared for a fourth civil war, which began before the end of the year. August 24 - Saint Bartholomew's Day: the real story The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre provides a rich array of sources on the conflict, from royal edicts, to eyewitness accounts, to paintings, and engravings. 41, Treaty between Ramesses II of Egypt and Hattusilis III of Hatti 47, The Victory Stele of Merneptah (c. 1210 B.C.E.) However, in a more recent work than his history of the period, Holt concludes: "The ringleaders of the conspiracy appear to have been a group of four men: Henry, duke of Anjou; Chancellor Birague; the duke of Nevers, and the comte de Retz" (Gondi). One of the first victims was Coligny, who was killed under the supervision of Henry de Guise himself. At this time, in an age before mass media, "the pulpit remained probably the most effective means of mass communication".[84]. Read online (or offline) with all the highlighting and notetaking tools you need to be successful in this course. [51], Pope Gregory XIII also commissioned the artist Giorgio Vasari to paint three frescos in the Sala Regia depicting the wounding of Coligny, his death, and Charles IX before Parliament, matching those commemorating the defeat of the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). Aware of the danger of reprisals from the Protestants, the king and his court visited Coligny on his sickbed and promised him that the culprits would be punished. Uh-oh, it looks like your Internet Explorer is out of date. Lincoln, chapter 6, pp. He stayed in Paris for three days and made eleven speeches. Protestant nations were horrified. This was the fourth civil war, and centred about a few fortified towns, such as La Rochelle, Montauban, and Nmes. She accordingly gave her approval to a plot that the Roman Catholic house of Guise had been hatching to assassinate Coligny, whom it held responsible for the murder of Franois de Guise in 1563. [35] In Bordeaux the inflammatory sermon on September 29 of a Jesuit, Edmond Auger, encouraged the massacre that was to occur a few days later. On August 20, he left the capital and retired to Chantilly. Koenigsberger (who until his retirement in 1984 was Professor of History at King's College, University of London) wrote that the Massacre was deeply disturbing because "it was Christians massacring other Christians who were not foreign enemies but their neighbours with which they and their forebears had lived in a Christian community, and under the same ruler, for a thousand years". It depicts the massacre as having been instigated by Catherine de' Medici for both religious and political reasons, and authorised by a weak-willed and easily influenced Charles IX.[103]. England v immigration: A millennium of fears condensed Corrections? Oil on panel, 94 154 cm; Cantonal Museum of Lausanne. [36], In the cities affected, the loss to the Huguenot communities after the massacres was numerically far larger than those actually killed; in the following weeks there were mass conversions to Catholicism, apparently in response to the threatening atmosphere for Huguenots in these cities. I. Despite the large numbers of pamphlets and broadsheets in circulation, literacy rates were still poor. Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day . However, when Charles IX and his mother learned of the involvement of the duke of Anjou, and being so dependent on his support, they issued a second royal declaration, which while asking for an end to the massacres, credited the initiative with the desire of Charles IX to prevent a Protestant plot. Even within the Louvre, Navarres attendants were slaughtered, though Navarre and Henry I de Bourbon, 2nd prince de Cond, were spared. The massacre caused a "major international crisis". These historic scenes are depicted alongside a fictional plot in which a Huguenot family is caught among the events. [57] Protestant countries were horrified at the events, and only the concentrated efforts of Catherine's ambassadors, including a special mission by Gondi, prevented the collapse of her policy of remaining on good terms with them. Political Responses . Another novel depicting this massacre is Queen Jezebel, by Jean Plaidy (1953). The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . View western civ 14&15.docx from SOC MISC at North Carolina Wesleyan College. Were sorry, but WorldCat does not work without JavaScript enabled. [60] Many Catholic authors were exultant in their praise of the king for his bold and decisive action (after regretfully abandoning a policy of meeting Huguenot demands as far as he could) against the supposed Huguenot coup, whose details were now fleshed out in officially sponsored works, though the larger mob massacres were somewhat deprecated: "[one] must excuse the people's fury moved by a laudable zeal which is difficult to restrain once it has been stirred up". Henry IV (king of France, 1589-1610) The film follows Catherine de' Medici (Josephine Crowell) plotting the massacre, coercing her son King Charles IX (Frank Bennett) to sanction it. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre ( French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. he was a politique he restarted the french wars of religion he was hated by the french peasantry the inflation of the sixteenth century was a result of the influx of wealth from the new world and increased population spanish dreams of a world empire were undermined by the revolt of the netherlands St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: Causes, Events, Impact - ThoughtCo A.P. Euro Chapter 15 terms Flashcards | Quizlet [50] The pope ordered a Te Deum to be sung as a special thanksgiving (a practice continued for many years after) and had a medal struck with the motto Ugonottorum strages 1572 (Latin: "Overthrow (or slaughter) of the Huguenots 1572") showing an angel bearing a cross and a sword before which are the felled Protestants. Thus, some modern historians have stressed the critical and incendiary role that militant preachers played in shaping ordinary lay beliefs, both Catholic and Protestant. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . A 1966 serial in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who entitled The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve is set during the events leading up to the Paris massacre. The massacre caused a "major international crisis". The dates are in Garrison, p. 139, who adds, Holt (2005 ed. from Vassar College and did his graduate training at the Universitt Tubingen and Indiana University, where he specialized in the social and political history of nineteenth-century Europe. [9] In the massacres of August, the relatives of the Gastines family were among the first to be killed by the mob. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - Macmillan Learning Jesuit general from 1565 to 1572. 2. Bloody Mary on the throne (1553-1558) One can also understand why, the day after the start of the massacre, Catherine de' Medici, through royal declaration of Charles IX, condemned the crimes, and threatened the Guise family with royal justice. Giovanni Michiel, from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Review and, 1.Which printmaking process is the most direct for translating the gestures of the hand? The Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day had for its background the political and religious rivalries of the court of France. He wrote in part, "St. Bartholomew's was unquestionably the finest thing of the kind ever devised and accomplished in the world. It was one event in the series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots that beset France in the late 16th century. Turning to the queen, Admiral de Coligny said, "Madame, the king refuses to involve himself Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . Though no details of the meeting survive, Charles IX and his mother apparently made the decision to eliminate the Protestant leaders. Revolutionary Violence in Elizabeth Inchbald's, Letters from Earth. By focusing on describing the political and religious context for the massacre at the, beginning, the author demonstrates the severity of the event. Arques; Ivry; Paris; Chteau-Laudran; Rouen; Caudebec; Craon; 1st Luxemburg; Blaye; Morlaix; Fort Crozon, Franco-Spanish War (159598) [5] The royal marriage was arranged for 18 August 1572. In his Histoire vritable de la ville de Lyon, the memorialist and former consul (town councillor) Claude de Rubys devoted just a few lines to the events of late August 1572, when the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacres had reached Lyon. These Italians stood to benefit from the occasion by eliminating the Huguenot danger. [49], The French 18th-century historian Louis-Pierre Anquetil, in his Esprit de la Ligue of 1767, was among the first to begin impartial historical investigation, emphasizing the lack of premeditation (before the attempt on Coligny) in the massacre and that Catholic mob violence had a history of uncontrollable escalation. Though by no means unique, the bloodletting "was the worst of the century's religious massacres". Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre : a brief history with documents The assortment of material allows you to . Many Protestants were nobles or bourgeois and Frieda adds that "a number of bourgeois Catholic Parisians had suffered the same fate as the Protestants; many financial debts were wiped clean with the death of creditors and moneylenders that night". Another historian Mack P. Holt, Professor at George Mason University, agrees that Vigor, "the best known preacher in Paris", preached sermons that were full of references to the evils that would befall the capital should the Protestants seize control. After St. Bartholomew's the Huguenots, though bereft of their leaders, rushed to arms. It was in this context that the massacre came to be seen as a product of Machiavellianism, a view greatly influenced by the Huguenot Innocent Gentillet, who published his Discours contre Machievel in 1576, which was printed in ten editions in three languages over the next four years. Historian Jrmie Foa offers a very unique view of the 1572 massacres in his work entitled Tous ceux qui tombent: visages du massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy [All that fall: faces of the St. Bartholomew's day massacre]. Donnelly is confirmed as US ambassador to the Vatican Catherine de Medici, the mother of Charles, feared Admiral Colignys growing influence over her son. A. Ignatius of Loyola & the Society of Jesus 30. D. C. and Kingstown established diplomatic relations when St. Vincent and the Grenadines Ambassador Hudson Kemul Tannis presented his credentials Milton Cato: Ronald Reagan: December 7, 1981: This article is about the historical event. The massacre marked a turning point in the French Wars of Religion. The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre is the setting for Tim Willocks' historical novel, The Twelve Children of Paris (Matthias Tannhauser Trilogy:2), published in 2013. Elizabeth restores the Church of England (1558- ) The bodies of the dead were collected in carts and thrown into the Seine. Modern writers put the number at 3,000 in Paris alone. [3] Throughout Europe, it "printed on Protestant minds the indelible conviction that Catholicism was a bloody and treacherous religion".[4]. [12], Nevertheless, it was only in the aftermath of the massacre that anti-monarchical ideas found widespread support from Huguenots, among the "Monarchomachs" and others. Jarnac; La Roche-l'Abeille; Poitiers; Orthez; Moncontour; Saint-Jean d'Angly; Arney-le-Duc, Fourth; 157273 "Many Protestant houses were burned, invoking the traditional purification by fire of all heretics. He stresses that the city was on the verge of revolt. Instead of crippling the Huguenot party as Catherine had hoped it would do, the massacre revived hatred between Roman Catholics and Huguenots and helped provoke a renewal of hostilities. 2. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). It took all the queen mother's skill to convince the Cardinal de Bourbon (paternal uncle of the Protestant groom, but himself a Catholic clergyman) to marry the couple. The Vincentian ambassador in Washington, D. C. is the official representative of the Government in the Kingstown to the Government of the United States. It was one event in the series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots that beset France in the late 16th century. 8283, and Lincoln, p. 96, and Knecht (2001), p. 361, Knecht (2001), p. 364. [90], Holt, notable for re-emphasising the importance of religious issues, as opposed to political/dynastic power struggles or socio-economic tensions, in explaining the French Wars of Religion, also re-emphasised the role of religion in the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Garrison, pp. The first round, Germany : Lutherans vs. Catholics The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. The murder of thous We are processing your request. Over the centuries, the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre has aroused a great deal of controversy. The Guises, who were highly popular, exploited this situation to put pressure on the King and the Queen Mother. Neither faith had a monopoly on cruelty and misguided fervour". He received his B.A. 3. [97], On 23 August 1997, Pope John Paul II, who was in Paris for the 12th World Youth Day, issued a statement on the Massacre. The Pre-Raphaelite painter John Everett Millais managed to create a sentimental moment in the massacre in his painting A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day (1852), which depicts a Catholic woman attempting to convince her Huguenot lover to wear the white scarf badge of the Catholics and protect himself. Painting of the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre in Paris / Franois Dubois -- 20. Follett completely clears King Charles IX and his mother Catherine of any complicity and depicts them as sincere proponents of religious toleration, caught by surprise and horrified by the events; he places the entire responsibility on the Guise Family, following the "Machiavellian" view of the massacre and depicting it as a complicated Guise conspiracy, meticulously planned in advance and implemented in full detail. Anjou's supposed account was the source of the quotation attributed to Charles IX: "Well then, so be it! That evening, Catherine held a meeting at the Tuileries Palace with her Italian advisers, including Albert de Gondi, Comte de Retz. [31] In most of them, the killings swiftly followed the arrival of the news of the Paris massacre, but in some places there was a delay of more than a month. In Rouen, where some hundreds were killed, the Huguenot community shrank from 16,500 to fewer than 3,000 mainly as a result of conversions and emigration to safer cities or countries. On the evening of 23 August, Catherine went to see the king to discuss the crisis. 154, The Jewish Encounter with Hellenism: The Maccabees' Rebellion 161, Chapter 5 The Civilization of Ancient Rome 169, A Mummy from the Time of the roman empire (100 C.E.) King from 1556 to 1598. While the Queen Mother was eating dinner, Protestants burst in to demand justice, some talking in menacing terms. available here The story was fictionalised by Prosper Mrime in his Chronique du rgne de Charles IX (1829), and by Alexandre Dumas, pre in La Reine Margot, an 1845 novel that fills in the history as it was then seen with romance and adventure. The following other wikis use this file: Usage on af.wikipedia.org Bartolomeusnag; Catharina de' Medici; Usage on ar.wikipedia.org A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. [75] By this period the Massacre was being widely used by Voltaire (in his Henriade) and other Enlightenment writers in polemics against organized religion in general. Term A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance.
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